Last summer, at the invitation of the Bulgarian Education Bureau and Sofia University, my roommate and I participated in the "45th Bulgarian Language and Culture Summer Training" at Sofia University, and set foot on the target country for the first time. Stroll along the Danube River, swim in the Black Sea, watch handsome guys dive, take a boat trip to the island, go crazy in the town of Banka, DISCO, eat сач (Bulgarian Teppanyaki) at the most famous restaurant in Date... Friendly Bulgarian people, long history , lush forests, charming coasts, and overwhelmed European handsome guys left me with countless beautiful memories.

　　Sofia The

　　charming capital Sofia, perhaps the most European city in Bulgaria, is also the largest city in Bulgaria.

　　Take the subway to the city center, and it is an extraordinary sight when you exit the station. Looking around, the grand National Bank, the small, exquisite and luxurious ЦУМ (Central Department Store), the towering National Assembly building, the open Tsar Lima Square and the Sophia Hotel echoing the bronze sculpture behind it all appear under the spotless blue sky and white clouds. Exceptionally clean and grand. Going further, you can see the National Gallery transformed from the former Royal Palace, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the Church of St. Sophia, the Church of St. Alexander and the University of Sofia. The layout of the streets feels a bit like Shanghai.

　　St. Alexander (Св.Александьр невски) is the most magnificent church in Sofia. It was built in the 19th century to commemorate the soldiers who died in the national liberation war against the Turkish aggression. Bulgaria believes in the Orthodox Church, and religious paintings have ethnic characteristics. The church has four cap-shaped golden domes of different sizes, and the interior is extremely resplendent. The large and small icons are exquisite and serene. The candlesticks scattered everywhere are shining faintly, like the fragile life and flickering faith of human beings. The most breathtaking is the huge fresco at the top, each dome is painted with a saint, or tells a biblical story, brilliant colors, superb techniques, grand scale, unattainable height, small me. Although he is not a believer, he is bathed in the sacredness of religion, and his heart is calm.

　　The first Sofia tour was organized by the University of Sofia. After a picnic at the famous Mount Victoria, we drove to the city center and saw the legendary University of Sofia. We quickly took out our cameras and took pictures. Later, Suoda specially organized a visit to Suoda and Suoda Museum. Sophia University is very small, with no courtyards or playgrounds, but only one main building. It is so small that people from Beiwai can feel psychologically balanced. But the interior is different. From the corridor of the hall, a gorgeous chandelier makes me feel like I am in a palace. A ray of sunlight shines through the colorful glazed windows, which is quite a holy church. The lecture hall is not big, but it looks very open. The walls are surrounded by marble, the exquisite chandeliers hang on the white semi-dome, and the soft sunlight shines on the old piano through the window lattice. In this quiet and peaceful afternoon, I was intoxicated in the academic hall, breathing in the wisdom of the master.

　　During the three weeks of language training, we went to Sofia many times, and each time we have new discoveries and new feelings. On a sunny afternoon, the high temperature of nearly 40 degrees made our mouths dry, but the great enthusiasm for shopping made us tireless. ЦУМ and Mall of Sofia have luxury goods from all over the world, even window shopping is enough to open your eyes. Several avenues in the city center are lined with shops, "murdering" a lot of my banknotes. The only thing I'm not used to is that they close too early. They close at 7 or 8 o'clock in the evening. The shops are closed on Sundays, and even the money-changing places are closed. The leisurely Europeans and the Chinese who never let go of any business opportunities are completely two ways of life. Sitting in the central fountain square, I couldn't help but admire the exchange students who will be living in Bulgaria for a year. There is no hustle and bustle and impetuousness of Beijing, so bright, so quiet, so harmonious, as if time also stopped.

　　After a moderate rain, the streets were surprisingly quiet, and there were almost no people on the streets of the city center, which is absolutely unimaginable in Beijing. We walked towards the post office, the pink Ivan Vazov State Theater was as charming as a girl, bright but not garish. Looking at St. Alexander's Church after the rain is more like a magnificent and hazy picture.

　　Bulgaria's economy is underdeveloped and people's purchasing power is not strong, which is also reflected in the capital. The largest supermarket chain, BILLA, has only one floor, and charges for storage and shopping bags. Most of the public toilets in Bulgaria charge money. Even the toilets in the bus station and some restaurants charge money. The most expensive one actually charges a lev (5 yuan RMB).

　　We haven't seen any other Chinese tourists on this trip except for a couple from Hong Kong.

　　Veliko Tarnovo

　　After more than 4 hours of bumps, we finally arrived in Veliko Tarnovo, the old capital of Bulgaria, and took a taxi to хотел света гора to meet with the other two students who participated in the training here.

　　After the greeting, we went to the city center to see the night view. The evening after the rain and the clear sky couldn't be more beautiful. Looking from the railing of a tavern, the whole mountain city is shrouded in a thin mist, rendered by a touch of sunset, like a dream. In the haze, I could vaguely see an ancient castle in the distance, as ethereal as a fairyland on earth. It's like being in a fairy tale world! Those bungalows are some years old, all with red roofs. Compared with modern Sofia, Date is old and unique.

　　At 8 o'clock in the evening, we were hungry and strolling in the city center, and just happened to see a restaurant with a booming business, which is the most famous local "Happy People" restaurant, specializing in traditional guaranteed meals. The senior said that you must not miss this restaurant when you come to Dante. The restaurant is decorated in a moody way, with maps printed on every ball-shaped lamp on the railing. The business here is so hot that the few empty tables on the first floor have been reserved, and the basement floor is also full, with only one table for two outside. The three of us moved a stool and waited more than 40 minutes for the food after ordering. In the meantime, plates of delicious food were served on other people's tables, and the bursts of fragrance made people's appetites open. We ordered a vegetable salad, a pizza and a chicken сач. The so-called сач is like our teppanyaki, which is served on a round iron plate. Chicken, lemon, peas, radish, and mushrooms are paired together. They look full of color and aroma. Their aromas are perfectly blended and spread out in the mouth. The chicken has the fragrance of lemon, which is so delicious! This dish was swept away by us in no time. This is the best Bulgarian food we have ever had.

　　The next morning we visited the Imperial City. After inquiring and groping all the way, we finally found the entrance to the imperial city from an inconspicuous path up the mountain. According to records, this imperial city was captured by the Turks only 3 months after it was built because of the betrayal of traitors, so what we see today are mostly the ruins of the imperial city. The imperial city is built on a mountain, which is easy to defend and difficult to attack. The traitors of the year first set fire in the city and then opened the city gate in the chaos, which led to the fall of the castle. The entrance to the imperial city is very similar to our Great Wall, with city walls and beacon towers, and a moat around it. I climbed the ruins despite the scorching sun, just to see their military defenses. The bottom of the two-story fort was probably used for storage, and there were many narrow openings on the upper floor that should have been used for gun storage. In the fierce battle against Turkey that year, there must have been rivers of blood here.

　　The only well-preserved building in the imperial city is the palace on the top of the hill, the dream castle that was hidden by the fog the night before. The palace is small but very tall, and it took a lot of effort to climb up. Standing in the palace, you can look down on the entire imperial city, which is quite domineering. It's a pity that the ruins are no longer in their former glory, and every stone brick seems to be silently telling the pain of a nation.

 　　Science fiction is one of Hollywood's important film genres. It generally stimulates the audience through eerie or unimaginable cruel scenes, giving people an unparalleled psychological and emotional experience, so it has a large audience in the United States for a long time. One of the top-grossing films in Hollywood. In fact, among the numerous sci-fi films, many different types can be subdivided according to content and style. For example, "Star Wars" shows "the fear of forces other than the earth", while "Frankenstein" It shows "fear of modern science". This article focuses on science fiction films such as "The Flash," "Edward Scissorhands," and "Spider-Man." These films have striking similarities in terms of characterization, storylines, theme ideas, and artistic styles. Full of warm and touching human beauty. It is precisely because of this that this article believes that this type of sci-fi film has an independent artistic style compared with those that show war and struggle, so it boldly names them "humanistic sci-fi films". At the same time, this article will start with the characters and storylines of the film, trying to strip out the narrative drive and core of such science fiction films, as well as the deeply hidden humanistic care and ideological connotations of the film.

　　The conflict between the protagonist as an "abnormal" and the meta-society has become the dramatic contradiction of the film.

　　Whether it is Lightning, Edward or Spider-Man - Peter, they all become the meta-society with their distinctive terrifying appearances and extraordinary supernormal abilities. At the same time, they are also spoken, discriminated against and even slandered by people in the meta-society as the peeping objects of the other. They were once excluded from human beings, and their lack of belonging and group life experience made them out of tune with human society. These have become the main dramatic conflicts of such sci-fi films. They have built a confrontational relationship between the protagonist and the meta-society. Through the discrimination, disgust and harm of normal people against the protagonist, they bring out the warmth and warmth of the world, and question people's souls. It reveals the indifference and alienation between people in the post-industrial society.

　　Lightning has a genetic mutation due to a lightning strike in his mother's womb. He has no pigment in his body and even his eyes are white, so he is regarded as a monster and a devil. Scientists did not have time to install manpower for Edward in the process of making Edward, and Edward's scissors were regarded as offensive weapons to outsiders. One of them lived in the basement for a long time, and the other once lived in seclusion in the old castle. Once they entered the crowd and faced the cruel external society, they could not escape the fate of being avoided, discriminated against, insulted or even attacked by people. It can be said that the antagonistic relationship between the protagonist and the meta-society has become the core driving force of the film's narrative. It is with this contradiction that the storyline can be unfolded and the theme of the film's criticism of human nature and social morality is established. In fact, when the creators show people's attitude towards the protagonist, what they are trying to reveal and criticize is the indifference, alienation and confrontation between people in the post-industrial society. In the materialistic human society, social problems emerge one after another, and human nature has been alienated and distorted. Whether it's the young people in the labor camp who repeatedly hurt Lightning in "The Flash", the flirtatious, snooping, and gossipy housewives in "Edward Scissorhands" or the Green Goblin in "Spider-Man", they are all socially abused. , family, money, and selfish desires are alienated and mentally distorted and even psychopathic individuals.

　　Of course, humanistic science fiction films also show the beautiful side of human nature through the setting of two types of female images, so as to make up for the missing maternal love and lover's love of the protagonist. The female police officer in "The Lightning Miracle", the saleswoman Paige in "Edward Scissorhands", and Peter's aunt in "Spider-Man" are all loving and generous mother images. They have given the protagonist a warm family and selfless care. To a certain extent, they are the characters who guide and help the protagonist integrate into the meta-society. Lightning's classmate Anna, Paige's daughter Kim, and Peter's classmate MJ represent the protagonist's pure and unblemished love. Integrate spiritual contradictions and conflicts to finally achieve the fullness and perfection of life.

　　Achieving self-salvation in saving society and regaining the meaning and fulfillment of life

　　In "The Miracle of Lightning", lightning changed many people's attitudes and views on life, society and family with his extraordinary supernormal ability. Let the physics teacher rediscover the passion and dreams of his youth, he let the young people in the labor camp get out of the long-term psychological haze and face life again, and he also let the sheriff father and son untied the long-suppressed knot and hugged tightly. together. Of course, this also reflects the problems in the real society from many aspects, including the indifference and lack of communication between people. In "Edward Scissorhands", Edward, with his superb craftsmanship, trimmed plants of various shapes for the community, created wonderful hairstyles for women, and brought many joys and surprises to people. In "Spider-Man", Peter is a legendary hero who punishes evil and saves danger.

　　From these stories, we can see that these protagonists have completed the compensation and salvation of the self-superior human beings, forcing people to re-examine their own lives. In the process of saving the society, it also makes the protagonist rethink the value and meaning of his own life, so that the original incomplete life of the protagonist can be restored. I identify with their own identity, they have found the meaning of dedicating their lives to others and thus obtained the redemption and liberation of their own souls.

　　These may be the purpose of the narrative of humanistic science fiction films, to restore the almost disordered and alienated human society to a kind of peace and harmony, and to restore the distorted human nature to a kind of beauty and warmth, and in this process , the creator has created a series of secular myths through the protagonist, making people fascinated by the shocking audio-visual experience center.

　　A return to mainstream ideology through the protagonist's self-imposed exile

　　In "The Miracle of Lightning", Lightning finally chose to turn into a rainbow, and Edward returned to the castle and never entered the meta-society again, and Peter finally chose to stay away from the world. At the end of these films, all the protagonists voluntarily chose to leave the meta-society. This is of course a "trick" of the creators, and an important narrative strategy, that is, they want to make the film return to the mainstream ideology through the self-exile of the protagonist. As we all know, American society is a society with a normal operating system. There can be no magical heroes like Spider-Man, nor unusual "heretic" characters like Lightning and Edward. Therefore, their final way out can only be Banishment, like a cowboy who punishes evil and promotes good in a Western movie, eventually drives away. It's a narrative strategy, and it's a genre routine.

　　Secular myths and humanistic ideals at cultural junctures

　　Whether it is Lightning, Edward or Peter, they are all imaginary characters in the movie based on certain scientific basis, and their special functions and actions to save the world are even more bizarre imaginary products. Their stories cannot exist in the real society, but can only be a legend or a fairy tale, all of which are secular myths woven by the filmmakers for the audience. However, the creators do not blindly pursue visual spectacles and audio-visual shocks in such humanistic sci-fi films. They are also stories of saving humanity, revealing the creator's concern for reality and human nature in the depth of the narrative.

　　The creators keenly grasp and deeply perceive the rhythm and pulse of people's ideological spirit in the post-industrial society, so in this type of film they raise many social issues, reveal people's selfishness and indifference, and show the relationship between parents and children. The estrangement and lack of communication show the conflict and conflict between man and nature, between man and animals, and of course, the lack of love and understanding between man and man. Going for deep thought. It can be said that the creator stood at a cultural height and paid attention to the real society, and cast his own humanistic ideals into the film.

 　　American art historian Horst Woodmar Johnson summed up modern art as “three trends of expression, abstraction, and fantasy.” If this assertion is true, then the masterpiece of Russian modern painter Mars Chagall’s The White Sorrow " is neither abstract, nor can it be classified into the category of expressionism, because it is full of many imaginary and fantasy things, which cannot be seen in reality at all, and obviously belongs to the latter. The painting uses eclectic free and open methods to express the author's memories of childhood, the accusation of Tsarist despotism and fascist crimes. In his writings, people without wings can fly in the air, and events in different periods and regions can also be combined into one painting. Houses can roll over on the ground, and even stand upside down, like some buildings made of paper that can be flipped upside down with the wind without much weight. This kind of free expression may seem absurd and violates the reality of reality, but it does come from life, not out of thin air, but the result of the painter's childish mood in his recollection of the past, and the result of his imagination.

　　Imagination is the guarantee of artistic vitality, and it is an indispensable thing in creation. Without it, the work of art would be rigid and rigid. Without sufficient imagination, there will be no vivid and touching masterpieces such as the immortal Greek and Roman Mythology and my country's Journey to the West. In these two books, many are not seen in life. For example, Sun Wukong can turn 108,000 miles in a somersault, and Apollo, the sun god, can change in a thousand ways. But we don't doubt its authenticity. Because these are gods with superhuman powers, but to understand the "abnormal" phenomena in Chagall's paintings, we must start by understanding his life and his time.

　　In 1887, Chagall was born into a poor Jewish family in Vyebsk, Belarus. My father worked as a coolie in a herring wholesale store. "Whenever I saw my father lift those heavy objects and fiddle with the little herring with his frozen hands, my heart huddled together like a turkey cracker." He recalled bitterly in his book My Life.

　　In the Tsarist era, under the influence of ethnic discrimination policies, Jews had almost no place in Russia. It was not until the third partition of Poland in 1795, from which the tsar obtained millions of new Jewish subjects, that the original discriminatory policy was slightly relaxed in order to alleviate the contradiction, but there was no substantial change. The persecution of Jews continued. Vicious incidents such as burning their books, closing their schools, massacring their people, and destroying their churches continue to happen. All of these, the painter saw or heard in his childhood, and described them in his book.

　　During the Tsarist era, Jews were restricted from moving even within the country. Even going to St. Petersburg must first be approved by the authorities, and the group of people approved is very narrow, only those who have a regular job and a regular income there, painters or college students who have studied there. Chagall, a student, had the honor of being one of them, arriving in Petersburg in 1907. The future opened the door for him to succeed.

　　People who are vulnerable, oppressed, or in difficult circumstances are often very compassionate and willing to help those similarly unfortunate around them. Therefore, wealthy Jews in Petersburg at that time, such as doctors, lawyers and bankers, often volunteered to donate money to help college students who had outstanding achievements in their own nation to study abroad. Chagall became the lucky one again and came to Paris, the capital of art, determined to serve his nation after he completed his studies.

　　The tortured Jesus in the painting is nailed to a white cross that occupies the center of the composition. He had apparently been tortured to death, his head lowered feebly, and there was no obvious expression of pain on his face. Rather than suffering, he was calmly meditating, willing to use his misfortune to change the misery of the people.

　　To the left of Jesus is a burning synagogue. A burly man in the uniform of a Hitler vanguard was rushing in front of the church. His face and hands were red, and he was clearly a murderer covered in the blood of the people, a vicious Nazi. He is addicted to murder, arson, robbery and destruction of human culture, so that the classic books, cultural relics and sacred religious ritual items of ancient sages and sages are everywhere. The dark red patch above the church, which some say is the "anti-swastika flag" (see "World Art", No. 1, 2000, p. 83), shows who is the culprit of this disaster. It is reminiscent of the "Crystal Night" massacre that took place in November 1938. And the creation time of the painting happened in 1938, so it cannot be said that it has nothing to do with this bloody event.

　　On November 7, 1938, German diplomat Rath was shot and killed by Jewish college student Glenshpan in Paris. Hitler used this as an excuse to launch a mad genocide against Jews throughout Germany and Austria, about 177 synagogues were burned and demolished, thousands of Jewish shops were looted, hundreds of Jews were killed in this event, and because of the atrocities everywhere All were shards of smashed glass, which people later ironically called "Night of Crystals".

　　In the lower right corner of the picture is a man fleeing in a hurry, wearing an overgrown smock, typical of the Jewish attire of Viebsk. A pocket that was not very full was draped over his shoulder. This shows that the situation happened suddenly, and he could only hurriedly pack a few valuables around him when he fled. In front of him was a half-unfolded scroll-shaped book, which was burning roaringly. It was a Torah that the Jewish people regarded as their code of conduct, their Bible. Usually it is kept in the church. One part of it is to be recited every Sabbath. Boys also had to read it aloud in Hebrew when they joined the commune. Receive a doctrinal education by reciting a section a week. It can be seen that it is of great significance in Jewish life. Some say it was the foundation of Jewish social cohesion, the guarantee of their solidarity, victory over foreign aggression, and survival. Burning it is of course the greatest disrespect to the Jews. There is another open book next to the "Torah", which was abandoned on the ground, which shows the hatred of fascists for the progressive culture of mankind. Below is a helpless, crying woman with her baby in her arms.

　　There are two bearded Jews in the lower left corner of the painting. One is like protecting his own life, holding the barrel-shaped "Torah" with both hands. As he ran, he turned around to see if there were any fascists chasing him. In front of him was a Jew in a green tunic. A white cloth hangs over his chest. The white cloth here is blank, but inside the sketches the words "lch bin Jude" (I am Jewish) are written in German. Obviously this brand is a great insult to him. He was spreading his hands helplessly, expressing resistance and questioning.

　　To the right of the cross is another blazing fire. Two wooden huts typical of poor Jews in Viebsk are burning. A man has fallen to the ground, as if the end of the world has come. It's like a huge earthquake. The house was like a piece of paper, with no weight. It rolled over and over on the ground. Three residents escaped and sat on the ground in shock. The painter once recalled this terrible scene: "I can't remember, it may be a story my mother told me. Apparently it was the day I was born. Behind the Viebsk prison There was a fire in a log cabin on the side of the road. The whole town was in flames. The ghetto was burning. People carried beds and mattresses, helped mothers and children to escape to safety across town." This is the painter's childhood memories at the age of 51, which directly reflects the painful life of the Jews in the Tsarist era.

　　Above the cross are 4 Jews floating in the air, three men and one woman, they seem to be saints who have ascended to immortality. Some are emotional, as if they are talking about something, maybe they are talking about the misfortunes in the world that they have seen with their own eyes. The man sitting in the middle had a prayer turban on his head and a leather scripture box on his forehead, as if praying for the unfortunate. The casket is an indispensable thing for Jewish believers. It contains excerpts from the "Bible" (Old Testament), and can read the scriptures at any time.

　　These four people may be the prophets of the Sabbath, the saviors of all living beings. They were disturbed by witnessing the suffering of the world. Regarding the legend of the Prophet's coming, Chagall recounted in his memory: "My father raised the cup in his hand and asked me to open the door. It was so late in the day, let me open the door and open the door of my house to welcome the Prophet and Leah? From the blue sky, a white light came straight down into my eyes and into my heart. But was there Elijah and his white wagon? Maybe he still Outside, in the yard, is a thin old man coming into our house. Maybe a stooped beggar with a cloth bag on his shoulders and a cane in his hand? Here I come, you toast me Where's the wine?"

　　There was indeed a white light falling from the sky in the center of the picture. It is like a road to the sky, from the side of the victim Jesus to the miserable world on earth. If you look closely, there is also the word "I·N·R·I" on the halo of Jesus, which is the abbreviation of "King of the Jews" in Roman. Obviously, this is a Jew, not Jesus in the eyes of Westerners. .

　　In the upper left of the picture, there is also a group of people with red flags and weapons in their hands, and under the call and leadership of a person, they rushed towards the direction of Jesus' crucifixion. Maybe they are the real deliverers of the people, and even Jesus is among them. Although there is no clear sign on the red flag, we know that Chagall was a painter who lived in the former Soviet Union for five or six years after the October Revolution. He had witnessed the revolution that fought for the liberation of the oppressed. After that, he not only served as the people's commissar of Viebsk, but also was ordered to build an art school there, and lived a happy life after marriage. Later, it was only after a certain distance from the authorities in the creative method that he finally chose to leave. He went to Paris in 1922 and never returned. But he not only had no aversion to the politics of the authorities, but also witnessed and participated in many mass movements at that time.

  The traditional review centers on Jane, but there are very few comments on Bertha, who is hidden in the cold and dark attic of Thornfield Manor. These only comments are also Often simplistic and sloppy: "Either marginalize it and keep it out of the center, foreshadowing and foil the central character, or demonize it with labels like 'devil', 'vampire', 'mad woman' ', 'abandoned woman', 'pervert' and other heinous labels." It was not until the rise of feminism that Bertha was reinterpreted from a feminist perspective. The book "The Mad Woman in the Attic," co-authored by Gilbert and Kuba, opened a "skylight" in Bertha's dark attic, and Bertha entered from the dark attic in the image of a female accuser within people's sight. She is also interpreted as the expression of the feminist thought of the female writer: "The image of the mad woman is in a sense a copy of the female writer, a projection of the writer's own anxiety and madness, spiritual oppression and division. , female writers not only want to realize their crazy desire to escape from male houses and male texts, but also have difficulty getting rid of the inferiority complex in the process, so they do not create a romantic strong woman but a witch and a devilish mad woman. Emotional catharsis." From a feminist point of view, the image of the mad woman has indeed improved to a large extent, but looking at the writings of the mad woman since 1979, it is possible to jump out of the nest of feminist criticism and There are few treatises built on other theoretical cornerstones. The interpretation of Bertha is far from exhaustive, and Mr. Fang Ping pointed out bluntly; "The image of the mad woman has become a secret code hidden in the work, and the information she stores is composed of multiple meanings: both human psychology It has a sociological meaning, and it has a religious and moral concept." Bertha's image code indeed hides a lot of information that is not known now. Here, I only learn from Flo Ide's perspective of psychoanalysis, through the re-discussion of Bertha, demonstrates Bertha's position in the works.

　　one

　　In a large number of feminist works, Bertha is seen as the embodiment of Jane's soul or her alter ego. In "The Mad Woman in the Attic", Bertha is interpreted as Jane's soul. "Literally, the ghost that haunts Thornfield Manor at night is Bertha Mason Rochester, but on an allegorical and psychological level this creepy ghost is Jane's soul incarnate. What Bertha did It is exactly what Jane is thinking and looking forward to." As Mr. Fang Ping said, "It turns out that the mad woman is the dark side of the heroine's soul, the flame of anger hidden in her body, and her alter ego." From this perspective, the feminist interpretation and the psychoanalytic interpretation coincide, and the "other self" mentioned by Mr. Fang Ping can be understood as the "id" based on the principle of pleasure in Freud's psychoanalytic viewpoint. ". Because Freud once clearly pointed out: "It is also a very convenient way to interpret spiritual contradictions by the formation of symptoms, which is most in line with the spirit of the principle of pleasure: because symptoms can save the patient's mental pain." The disease is a typical manifestation of the symptoms, so Bertha, who appears as a mental patient and a lunatic, has become an ideal spokesperson for the pleasure principle, that is, the "id". She is crazy and happy, and the destructive consequences of any of her crazy actions will not cause her any mental pain, and as long as she is happy, it can do anything. In essence, Bertha also has a strong resistance, and each of her appearances is related to resistance, which is similar in spirit to the heroine Jane. In this regard, Jane can be understood as Bertha's " Self", the two realize the combination of personalities in spirit. Although Jane can strongly resist the inequalities imposed on herself, she lives in a real rational world after all, and any resistance she resists is under the control of reason and must obey the morality and laws of the society she lives in. Although she resists, she can clearly recognize this point, so her resistance is limited. From this aspect, Jane is realistic, a "self" living in a rational world. Jane's strong resistance has been suppressed under the limitation of this degree, and this crazy resistance repressed in her subconscious needs a reasonable way of venting, which cannot be found in the rational world, but not in the rational world." The id "because there is no restriction to vent the repressed anger in the heart, so Bertha, who hides in the dark attic and appears as a "mad woman", becomes the "self" living in the real rational world - Jane's " I". Bertha's identity of the "id" hidden behind the "self" is also expressed through Jane's dreams. "Dreams

　　2.

　　Bertha is the "id" hidden behind Jane as the "self", not only in the abstract aspect of spiritual resistance, but also in the fact. "The 'ego' has a tendency to exert external influences on the 'id'", therefore, through this tendency Jane as the 'ego' is connected with Bertha as the 'id', and Jane's external Influences are expressed in Bertha in tortuous and subtle ways. Although Bertha is a mysterious mad woman from beginning to end in the novel, the proportion is very low, and there are few opportunities to appear, but her every laugh, every appearance, every action has a profound meaning.

　　Bertha's first appearance in the novel is unheard of, but her "most tragic, unbelievable" laugh is enough to terrify anyone. At this time, Jane had just arrived in Thornfield and entered a completely unfamiliar environment. Her mood was restless, and she wanted to find someone to express her feelings aloud, but this wish in the unfamiliar Thornfield was cannot be satisfied. It was at this moment that Bertha the "I" responded to the call with a tragic laugh as if hearing the voice of Jane of the "I". Bertha, who appears for the second time, pulls Jane into Rochester's relationship with a fire in the middle of the night. At this time, Jane had adapted to Thornfield's life and gradually fell in love with her master, willing to "sorrow for his sorrow". She really wanted to have further contact with him, but she didn't have this opportunity, let alone create it in an irrational way. Bertha's fire made Jane the savior of Rochester, and Jane's wish came true. It's worth noting: On the night Bertha set the fire, Jane was awakened by a strange and tragic muffled murmur, and her door "seemed to be touched, as if someone was groping in the dark aisle outside. , as if her finger had touched the door." Obviously, this was Bertha passing Jane's room on the way to Rochester's room, and her finger touched the door. Why did Bertha's fingers touch Jane's door when she was walking? The reasonable explanation is: Bertha, as Jane's "id", understands the subconscious thoughts of "ego". Since "ego" cannot realize its own wishes due to the limitation of the principle of reality, the "id" under the control of the principle of pleasure To help "self", Bertha's finger on the door is a reminder to "self" - quickly seize the opportunity to save Rochester. Bertha's third appearance was when Jane was ridiculed and despised by Miss Ingram and other upper-class people at the manor banquet in Thornfield, and she was also in her heart because of the inequality and discrimination imposed on herself. The treatment felt angry, but as "self" she couldn't find a way to vent her anger comfortably. So Bertha appeared frantically, and she stabbed her brother with the knife in her hand, stabbing the person who restricted her movement. Bertha's appearance this time not only vented her anger, but also brought Jane's relationship with Rochester one step closer, and the grievances Jane suffered at the banquet were indirectly compensated. Bertha's fourth appearance was on the eve of Jane's wedding, when she broke into Jane's bedroom and shredded her gorgeous and delicate veil. As a young girl from a poor background, Jane did not like her too gorgeous and delicate veil. Although she didn't like it, she would not and could not tear up the veil, and this thought in her subconscious was realized through Bertha, her "I". Throughout the novel, Bertha It is destructive, she hurts everyone who is close to her, but she doesn't touch Jane who is about to marry her husband, even the faces of the two are facing each other, and she doesn't try to hurt Jane. Obviously not in line with her consistent destructive behavior, but since she is Jane's "self", she is the same person as Jane. No matter how crazy this person is, she will not hurt herself or Jane. Bertha, who appeared for the fifth time, finally lifted the veil of mystery and had her own legal identity - Rochester's hair-bearing wife. Bertha's appearance in this identity is also related to Jane: although Jane loves Rochester and is willing to be his wife, she subconsciously believes that her "Cinderella" identity and status are not equal to Rochester, and she is very independent as a woman. of women have a hard time accepting this inequality, and even thought of postponing their marriage. And Bertha gave Rochester's wife the best and most reasonable reason to postpone the wedding, so the wedding was postponed according to Jane's subconscious thoughts. But Jane loved Rochester after all and was willing to be his wife. Although Bertha's wife status helped Jane postpone the marriage, it also became the biggest obstacle to Jane's marriage. At this time, Jane's subconsciousness hoped that Rochester would be single. In order to realize the wish of the "self", the "id" chose to sacrifice his life without hesitation: in the raging fire of Thornfield, Bertha resolutely chose death and sacrificed her life to the happiness of the "self", At the same time, the fire destroyed Thornfield Manor, destroyed Rochester's body, and burned all Rochester's capital overlooking Jane, so all the obstacles in Jane's subconscious marriage with Rochester were reduced to ashes in the fire, and she finally became Rochester's happy bride. The identity and status of "Cinderella" is unequal to that of Rochester. As an independent woman, it is difficult for her to accept this inequality, and she even thought of postponing her marriage. And Bertha gave Rochester's wife the best and most reasonable reason to postpone the wedding, so the wedding was postponed according to Jane's subconscious thoughts. But Jane loved Rochester after all and was willing to be his wife. Although Bertha's wife status helped Jane postpone the marriage, it also became the biggest obstacle to Jane's marriage. At this time, Jane's subconsciousness hoped that Rochester would be single. In order to realize the wish of the "self", the "id" chose to sacrifice his life without hesitation: in the raging fire of Thornfield, Bertha resolutely chose death and sacrificed her life to the happiness of the "self", At the same time, the fire destroyed Thornfield Manor, destroyed Rochester's body, and burned all Rochester's capital overlooking Jane, so all the obstacles in Jane's subconscious marriage with Rochester were reduced to ashes in the fire, and she finally became Rochester's happy bride. The identity and status of "Cinderella" is unequal to that of Rochester. As an independent woman, it is difficult for her to accept this inequality, and she even thought of postponing her marriage. And Bertha gave Rochester's wife the best and most reasonable reason to postpone the wedding, so the wedding was postponed according to Jane's subconscious thoughts. But Jane loved Rochester after all and was willing to be his wife. Although Bertha's wife status helped Jane postpone the marriage, it also became the biggest obstacle to Jane's marriage. At this time, Jane's subconsciousness hoped that Rochester would be single. In order to realize the wish of the "self", the "id" chose to sacrifice his life without hesitation: in the raging fire of Thornfield, Bertha resolutely chose death and sacrificed her life to the happiness of the "self", At the same time, the fire destroyed Thornfield Manor, destroyed Rochester's body, and burned all Rochester's capital overlooking Jane, so all the obstacles in Jane's subconscious marriage with Rochester were reduced to ashes in the fire, and she finally became Rochester's happy bride.

　　It can be seen that Bertha's activities are all related to Jane. Everything Jane wants to do in her subconscious but can't do it herself is done by Bertha. Bertha is another Jane. She hides behind the real Jane and secretly helps Jane realize her wish.

　　3.

　　Bertha , as Jane's "I", hides behind Jane, and is not limited to the spiritual connection between the two and the literal meaning of the text. The repeated images in the novel also show this. Freud once pointed out: "An experience which, for a very short period of time, has caused the mind to be highly stimulated and has been unable to seek adaptation by normal means, thereby permanently disturbing the effective power of the mind, we call this experience Traumatizing." Jane's greatest traumatic experience was not her tragic orphan life, nor her ordeal at Gateshead House and Lawward School, but her aunt's punishment at the age of ten and being locked up in the "Red House". thing. "Darkness and living alone are the first things children feel afraid of." It was in the dark "red house" that Jane Eyre experienced the two most terrifying things for children, "darkness" and "living alone". This painful horror The experience had a formative effect in her consciousness, and even as she grew up, the experience was etched deep into her psyche and remained in her subconscious. The typical reappearance of this painful experience in her subconscious is the "dark room" on the top floor of Thornfield Manor, which is where Bertha was confined. The traumatic experience in the "red house" affects the choice tendency of the "ego", and the "dark house" similar to the "red house" becomes the hiding place for the "id" to choose. Also linked to Jane's traumatic childhood experience is the recurring imagery of "fire" in the text. The typical color of the "red house" is red, and this red tone remains in Jane's subconscious, and red is also the color of fire, so red is associated with fire in Jane's subconscious. And the red lurking in the subconscious of the "self" is manifested in the form of fire in the "id". The image of "fire" is an indispensable element in the novel, and its role is also crucial. Several important appearances of "I" Bertha are related to "fire", and the realization of "I" Jane's wishes also depends on Because of these "fires", the last fire that Bertha put on at the curtain call not only burned away all obstacles to the union between the two, but also brought a dramatic change in their relationship. In this marriage, Jane, who inherited the property, has With enough capital to look down on Rochester that used to look down on himself.

　　To sum up, Bertha is not a mad woman in a simple sense, she is a huge code hidden in the works. Through the interpretation of this code, we can find that she and Jane are actually different parts of the same personality. Jane's "self" appeared, hidden behind Jane's back, through her actions, the "self" in the rational world - everything Jane's subconscious to do was done by Bertha.

 　　"The Story of the Lena Fox" was widely circulated in Europe and had far-reaching influence. In France, Germany and other countries, the story of Lena's fox is almost a household name, and even in modern French, the word "Lena" has become a proper noun for fox. All of these are due to the successful portrayal of an alert and wise fox, Lena, in the story.

　　Lena Fox first appeared as a wise and witty noble baron. In the animal kingdom described, he is the courtier of King Noble the Lion along with Isanggrand Wolf and Bren Bear. King Noble Lion is domineering and domineering. Isanggrand Wolf and Bren Bear do something wrong and take it by force. The storyline mainly revolves around the struggle between Lena Fox and Isanggrand Wolf, Bren Bear, King Noble Lion, etc. Among them, the struggle between Lena Fox and Isanggrand Wolf occupies the main part of the story. The powerful Isanggrand Wolf was repeatedly plotted by the seemingly gentle and kind-hearted Lena Fox, and fell into the cruel game designed by Lena step by step. Dreaming of eating delicious eel every day, Isanggrand Wolf agreed to shave his hair and be ordained, but was scalded by a pot of boiling water by Lena Fox and scalded his head bald. In order to eat more delicious eels, the greedy Isanggrand wolf quickly forgot the pain of his head being scalded by boiling water. Fish dream. At dawn, the wolf, frozen solidly on the ice, was caught in the hunt of hunters and hounds. Naturally, the ending was not good. Although Isanggrand was lucky to escape, he was severely injured by the hunter, his beautiful tail was broken, and his ass was smashed by a musket. But the game's designer, Lena, has long since slipped back into his warm home to have a sweet dream.

　　The stupid and almost mentally handicapped Isang Glenn finally came to his senses after being fooled and calculated by Lena one after another, and he sued Lena to King Noble Lion. Noble Lion wanted to rest in peace, but under the cries of the Chanteclay rooster and Bant's hen, the people were angry and he had to be passed on to appear in court. This led to the brilliant "The Trial of Lena Fox". Lena Fox's trial has twists and turns, exciting. At first, Lena defended himself with rigorous logic and emotion, winning the sympathy of the king, queen and many attendees, but he was accidentally defeated in the duel with Issangran. When Lena was convicted and was hanged, he was still able to use his wisdom and wisdom to turn the tide and win the final victory.

　　The image of Lena Fox is complex and multi-faceted. In the face of the lower classes of the animal kingdom, such as chickens, rabbits, birds, cats and other weak animals, he bullied and slaughtered arbitrarily. The bullying, despicable and cruel acts of Lenahu were unanimously condemned by public opinion, and were boycotted and counterattacked. In these struggles, Lena was always the loser. For example, in "The Police Dog Murho Draws a Knife to Help", Lena brutally ate the two children of the sparrow Trunn by deception. Trunn was heartbroken, but with the help of the police dog Murho, they joined forces Lena was punished. If it wasn't for Lena's superb tricks of feigning death, Lena would not have escaped this disaster.

　　Lena Fox is a fox, a fox from France and going to the world. His complex and multi-faceted image has won the love of people all over the world, especially young readers will feel the complexity and cruelty of life and society from Lena Fox. What happened in that forest reminded them of human society. We often talk about "survival of the fittest, survival of the fittest", which is more reflected in the "survival of the wise", which is true in nature and in human society. Therefore, the story of Lena Fox is like an introductory lesson in life for them, and maybe they will look back and compare them when they become adults. Perhaps, these are the charms of Lena Fox's story.

　　The story of the Lena fox originated in French folk. The whole story is composed of 27 groups of poems that have been preserved, with a total of more than 30,000 lines. It is a medieval French folk long narrative poem. The poems were produced from about the middle of the 12th century to the end of the 13th century, and were written successively by many folk poets. Most of the authors of the poems have no way to check. It adopts the method of allegory, depicts people with beasts, and uses irony and humorous strokes to endow the work with strong reality and entertainment. Later, the French modern linguist Lucien Fuller edited these independent poems in order of plot into a complete "The Story of the Lena Fox".

　　"The Story of Lena Fox" is a satirical work that pretends to be the animal world, uses beasts to describe humans, and insinuates human society, thereby exposing the ugliness and corruption of the feudal ruling class. Lion Noble was the supreme feudal ruler. Isanggrand Wolf and Brun the Bear were noble courtiers. And weak animals such as chickens, rabbits, and cats are the vast oppressed class. The image of Lena's fox is very complicated.

　　Although Lenahu was a baron, he dared to play tricks on the king, the powerful, ridiculed the church, and executed courtiers. He appeared as an anti-feudal rebel and a fighter. In the feudal society of the Middle Ages at that time, as the ruling class, the king, the church and the upper class of the aristocracy were autocratic and corrupt, greedy and ugly, but powerful, while as a new burgher class, although vigorous, but weak, it was difficult to compete with the powerful ruling class. contend. Because a fox cannot compete with strong and ferocious wolves, bears, lions, etc., he often fights with them with wit, which is precisely the characteristic of the emerging bourgeoisie.

　　On the other hand, Lena Fox recklessly bullied and killed many weak and defenseless animals representing the working people of the lower classes, and many chickens, rabbits, and birds almost became his belly. From this point of view, he is also the image of the upper class of the urban aristocracy. Through the experience of Lena Fox, the story vividly reflects that the feudal society is a dark, barbaric world full of fraud, plunder and the law of the jungle.

　　As early as the 1920s, the story of the Lena Fox was introduced to China. In 1926, the famous writer Zheng Zhenduo translated "The History of the Fox" from the English version under the pseudonym "Wenji"; in 1929, Jiang Xuekai translated "The Story of the Fox" from the French version; in 1983, the translator Qian Chun Qi published "Lena Fox" translated in poetic style, and the title was changed to "Laneke Fox".

　　In the process of deduction and interpretation of classics over the past dynasties, their original meanings are mostly ignored by people. The same is true of "The Tale of Lena Fox". This book for adults, which originally had a profound meaning, has been translated and adapted by writers to enhance the interest of the story, and is deeply loved by children from all over the world. However, when the beauty and cruelty in the animal kingdom are displayed together in the eyes of children, what will children think? Of course, the world of Lena Fox cannot simply be compared with today's human society, and it is even more different from the pure and lovely world of children, but if they realize that the fairy tale world is not always beautiful, they may have Learned a bit of wisdom from Lena Fox.

 　　Even the most ignorant people know the name of Madonna, the queen of pop music. There's no denying that she and Michael Jackson were the pop duo of the 1980s. In the world pop music world where newcomers are emerging, despite the continuous emergence of outstanding female singers, who would dare to say that she has replaced Madonna? Maybe you don't like her hoarse voice at all, and you hate her overly sexy, but you have to admit, she is a woman who has climbed to the top of pop music.

　　On August 16, 1958, Madonna was born into an ordinary Italian immigrant family in the western United States. It's weird that from a very young age she wanted to be famous and to rock the world. For more than 40 years, hidden behind Madonna's figure is an unknown story.

　　A rebellious girl from a conservative family

　　In 1920, Madonna's grandfather Gaetano Cicconi sailed from Naples to New York. Like thousands of Italian immigrants, he went to the New World to break into the world. The 19-year-old Gaetano just got married and decided to hit the road. Many of his relatives have gone to the United States one after another to seek the American dream. After countless trials and tribulations, the couple finally took root in America and their children grew up. In 1955, his son Tony Cicconi married his crush, Madonna Godtier. Madonna Gauthier's parents are French Canadians. They are quiet, deeply Catholic. Tony is an engineer for the U.S. Department of Defense in Michigan.

　　They had two sons, and on August 16, 1958, their first daughter was born, and they named her Madonna. Of course, they never imagined that the name would become a household name in the future. As Catholics, they can't refuse God's gift, and they can't use contraception, so children are born one after another. Maidonna has two younger sisters and a younger brother. As soon as she was sensible, Maidonna realized that it was not easy to get her mother's attention and caress. Mom is too busy. She has to clean the room, cook, do the laundry, and take care of the little brothers and sisters. But McDonnell doesn't care, she does everything she can to attract her mother's attention and compete with her siblings for her mother's love. Mom is so patient, she tries to give each child as many kisses and as much attention as possible, no matter how tired.

　　Unfortunately, in 1962, while pregnant with little sister Melanie, doctors discovered that her mother had breast cancer. After that, her mother was often hospitalized, and Madonna and the other children often gathered around her sickbed. On December 1, 1963, my mother closed her eyes forever. The brothers were still naughty and didn't know how to take care of their younger siblings. 5-year-old Maidonna felt very lonely, and she began to do everything possible to win her father's love. Tony understands that working and caring for six children is almost impossible. Although grandparents and maternal grandparents often took the children to care, he still struggled. He must find a babysitter for the children. In 1966, the slender Joan Gustafson came to the family as a housekeeper. Tony soon discovered that the housekeeper was smart, capable, and loving, and the children were very fond of her. McDonnell was fond of her, but she became jealous when she discovered that the housekeeper seemed to please her father. Six months later, the father and Joan were married.

　　Her family has always liked music. After entering elementary school, McDonnell is not only smart, she can sing and dance well, but also has good grades. She is often the lead dancer in school performances. She dislikes the school uniforms being old-fashioned, so she often puts bright skirts in her schoolbag, goes to the toilet to put them on immediately after arriving at school, takes them off when she gets home, and goes home in her school uniform. When she was a teenager, she bought lipstick and rouge and applied makeup to the mirror. Her father, a devout Catholic, was very disgusted with her behavior and kept urging her stepmother to discipline her well. However, the more her father and stepmother took care of her, the more rebellious she became. At a high school evening, she performed a solo dance. At the end of the dance music, she suddenly took off her dance clothes and made an amazing appearance. The teachers and classmates were greatly surprised, and the father sitting in the audience was blown away.

　　Madonna was determined to be a dancer. She joined a ballet class and practiced diligently. Her father wanted her to concentrate on her studies and become a lawyer in the future. However, she was fascinated by dancing. Ballet teacher Christopher Flynn was quick to see that the student was something to make, so he was very strict with her. Madonna was particularly willing to endure hardship and soon excelled in her class. She always wanted to get her father's approval and approval, but she couldn't get it. In fact, the ideological distance between her and her father is getting farther and farther, and she is more and more like-minded with the ballet teacher. After graduating from high school, she decided to apply for the dance department at the University of Michigan. She passed the test and got a scholarship. Christopher Flynn also joined the dance department at the university as a teacher. Of course, her father disapproved of her learning dance, but since she has received a scholarship, can she not let her daughter go?

　　The Legendary Experience

　　After the dance department at the University of Michigan, Madonna quickly came to the fore. However, she was not satisfied with being a dancer anymore. She felt that being a dancer was difficult, she wanted to be famous, she had to think of something else. So, how about singing? Christopher Flynn encouraged her to go to New York, where there were more opportunities. In 1977, Madonna successfully applied for a summer scholarship to a dance company in New York. She and her boyfriend drove 16 hours and finally came to the New York she longed for. Her father wanted her to get a diploma in dance anyway, but she ignored it. In New York, Madonna did everything in order to survive, serving as a bartender, a nude model in the Academy of Fine Arts, and a troupe dancer in a dance troupe. When she had some savings, she started to learn to sing while working. She has a natural sense of joy, and she goes all out in whatever she learns, and works very hard. At this time, she gradually had the opportunity to lead the dance in the dance troupe. However, she remains unwavering in learning to sing.

　　In New York, there are countless young people who worship art, and Madonna quickly met a large circle of friends full of artistic cells. She also never lacks a boyfriend. She is very disciplined about herself, never taking drugs or even drinking hard alcohol. Just when she wanted a chance to show her singing voice, she met Dan Kilroy. He formed a small band with his brother Ed and Ed's girlfriend and played in some New York clubs. At this time, he fell out with his girlfriend who was the lead singer, and Madonna became not only his girlfriend, but also the lead singer of this small band. Since then, Madonna has also started writing her own lyrics, with Dan Kilroy scoring her lyrics.

　　During that part, Madonna was multi-tasking, dancing in a dance company, modelling for a modeling agency, and singing in various clubs with the Kilroy brothers. However, the Kilroy brothers found Madonna difficult to work with because of her aggressiveness. By the second half of 1980, their conflict was so acute that they had to part ways. Madonna recruited her boyfriend from the University of Michigan, Steve Bray, to form her own little band, Amy. While "Amy" is struggling to survive, a young female music manager, Camille Barber, notices her. She immediately realized that the young Madonna had enormous potential in the pop music scene. She soon had a heated fight with Madonna and offered to be her agent. Camille Barber is a lesbian. They both come in and out every day, which has attracted a lot of rumors. However, Madonna doesn't care!

　　With the help of Camille Barber, Madonna's progress is smoother than before. A big club in New York invited her to sing, and she was a big hit there. Madonna, however, remained unhappy with her progress, nor with Camille Barber's alcoholism and financial inadequacy. In February 1982, she had her lawyer inform Camille Barber that she was no longer an agent. Madonna went around looking for a singing contract and a recording company; she wrote her own lyrics and stepped up her song practice. Although she had neither money nor an agent, she still said ambitiously to her friends: "One day, I want to be a star!" She knew that a backup dancer would add a lot to the performance, so she did everything possible to find a backup dancer. At every rehearsal, she was always the first to arrive and the last to leave. Finally, a record company is willing to give her a trial record. After the record was recorded, she went to ask the musicians of the clubs to play it. A few weeks later, the record, "Everybody," catapulted her to fame, and she was on the cover of a pop magazine.

　　The success of her first record opened the way for her to have a second record. When her second album came out in March 1983, she decided to lead her band on a tour across the country. She understands that finding a good song is as important to a singer as finding a good script for an actor. At this time, her new boyfriend helped her find a new song "Holiday". In July 1983, as soon as the "Holiday" album hit the market, it became a huge hit, selling 9 million copies worldwide, much beyond the record company's expectations. The record not only catapulted her to fame, it also turned her over financially. In January 1984, television broadcast her concert to the United States for the first time.

　　In 1984, Madonna began recording videotapes. She told the director that her theme was to be sexy and sexy again. She named the second video "Like a Virgin", but she tried her best to expose it. Some of her friends worried that it was too much and Madonna was finished! However, audiences clearly liked her sexiness, and "Like a Virgin" sold millions of copies at once. Video companies discover they have the world's most popular rising pop star. For millions of spectators, Madonna's maddening singing and dancing are very exciting, inspiring them to go up. For the majority of female audiences, Madonna's rendering of sexy seems to tell them that the basic tenets of feminism are right, but feminism is not to hide the sexy of women, but to expose it more boldly. This seems to have given many women a panacea and expressed their inner voice.

 　　Do all future-oriented trends imply value or opportunity? In other words, will any emerging technology have considerable development and application in the future? If so, how long will this future take to come? 5 years, 10 years, or more than the length of our lives?

　　We generally think that the Industrial Revolution brought great changes to human society at that time rather than gradual changes; we would think that after the invention of the train, horses and donkeys should be laid off, because the ruts can only lead to Rome, and the rails extend into the future.

　　But is this really the case? Are trends really that easy to grasp? Does the predicted trend really have a bright future?

　　After human beings entered the railway age, in 75-200 years, it was the golden age of carriage transportation! It didn't die out immediately until the 19th century, when railroads led to a dramatic rise in the total volume of freight transported, but railroad tracks couldn't reach every nook and cranny of cities and villages, as horse-drawn carts could.

　　Trains, railway tracks, and stations have built logistics centers one by one, which solves the problem of long-distance transportation, but short-distance transportation does not solve the problem. The goods in the logistics center need to be dispersed, and this is obviously impossible for railways.

　　Judging from the trend of technology, it is a historical fact that the railway led the development of the engine and finally ended the carriage. Under this trend, following the trend is obviously the right way. In this regard, the American historian Pomeranz made an assumption that if you were a young man in England, you were exactly 20 years old in 1830. At that time, the railway had just been invented. You keenly grasped the historical trend, saw the bright future of engine and mechanical transportation, and even deduced that 188 years later, in 2018, you can block the two-hour evening rush hour after get off work. So, according to the future, you adjusted your business strategy at that time, sold the carriage, and changed your business. Because you think there is no future for carriages in the transportation industry, you have seen the ceiling of that industry from afar. And the reason why you are so wise is that you have grasped the trend, grasped the bright trend. However, after making that decision, history slowly tells you that it will take 100 years for this trend to become a reality, and carriage transportation has ushered in its golden age and will last your life. Because it was not until the truck was invented that the distribution problem of railway logistics was finally solved. Since then, the transportation system has achieved regional coverage, and carriage transportation has really subsided.

　　Why did this English guy seize the trend, but finally lost a huge positive opportunity? Since the person who knows the current affairs is Junjie, why is he so down? Because he overlooked a problem: grasping the trend may not necessarily grasp the future. Furthermore, not all trends in the future can come in a short period of time. Therefore, to grasp the technical trend, it is necessary to consider the application of this trend in a predictable period of time.

　　As far as the current situation is concerned, as the speed of technological iteration is getting faster and faster, the development of various technologies is dazzling. Which one represents the future? artificial intelligence? Biotechnology? Autopilot? new energy? These problems make people more and more anxious, and many people cannot see what the future opportunities are, so there are many follow-up investments and lead to waste of resources. How should investors invest, and how should product managers adjust the direction of future product development? In this regard, you can't even grasp the pulse of the times as quickly as the English guy.

　　In this era of no lack of technological innovation, the anxiety is not whether a certain technology can appear, but which one of the many technologies can be grasped so as not to step on the air. The faster the technology is updated, the more it is necessary to adjust the current behavior according to the trend. Therefore, this is not only an era of imagining the future, but also living in the present according to the future. Therefore, when we find a trend, we need to have the ability to judge the trend, that is, how a certain trend will land and how it will be used.

　　In Dark Trends, we have selected 11 categories of technologies from dozens of fields, all of which have one thing in common: either more fundamental or more broadly applicable. They involve quantum computing, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, 5G communication technology, artificial intelligence, industrial robots, autonomous driving, the era of large spaceflight, mixed reality, graphene and other new materials, and biomedicine.

　　Technological innovation has always been regarded as the magic of turning a stone into gold. It seems to change everything, and is synonymous with coolness and fashion. Because of this, anyone who grasps the technological trend and sets foot in the wind is like taking Aladdin's god. Light, will be able to achieve career success.

　　However, this is all wrong, because technology itself is worthless unless it can be industrialized and applied to products. Because of this, we advocate to study not only the trend of science and technology itself, but also the law and direction of the industrialization of science and technology. Mastering technological trends is the premise of realizing industrialization, but only by realizing industrialization can one truly grasp the technological trends.

　　From cloud computing to the Internet of Things, from artificial intelligence to biotechnology, what we are talking about is not just the technology itself, on the contrary, what we want to tell you is how these technologies are being used by humans, and their future industrialization direction .

 　　If the British were told that the Boer War was a war launched by diamond dealer Rhodes and others to control South Africa's mineral resources, at least at the time, the British public would not agree. isn't it? Didn’t they have previously condemned the Jansen expedition against the Boers allegedly instigated and supported by Rhodes and others? Didn’t Rhodes almost lose his reputation as a result, not only losing the post of Prime Minister of the South African Colony, but also nearly making him Did the company lose the various mining and operating concessions it owned?

　　The so-called imperialists with their own interests launch all kinds of expansionary wars because of their own selfishness, and they are often more of a reckoning after the fall, especially when things are not going well, just like the American public often "wake up like a dream" after the fact: It turns out that what the U.S. government has done in the Middle East and Central Asia may be more for the interests of oil groups, rather than simply promoting democracy and freedom as it said before.

　　On the one hand, this kind of making up after the fact means reflection and correction. On the other hand, there is also a sense that the media and the public are looking for a scapegoat to cover their shame. They want to prove that the original intention of the public to support the government’s actions is more or less good, and it is not irredeemable in nature. The imperialists of medicine may just be manipulated by interest groups.

　　This kind of play of common enemies and blame after the fact is common in "Democratic Empires", and the author of "Diamonds, Gold and War: The Birth of the British, Boers and South Africa" ​​provides a more classic version of such plays. Allows people to deeply examine the logic and driving forces of modern national empires.

　　Before launching the Boer War, how the interest groups in South Africa, the imperial bureaucracy and the public in the British mainland reached a consensus on the necessity of the war and formed a "collusion", which is the most interesting point of this book. One of the most critical points is how to define the trilateral interest overlapping area on the basis of the so-called imperial interest maximization.

　　Let’s first look at the demands and plans of South African interest groups. The public needs to be mobilized, the imperial bureaucracy needs to be persuaded, and South African interest groups centered on mine owners such as Rhodes also need to persuade and mobilize themselves. Apparently the Rhodes did not think that the crusade against the Boers was purely to advance their own economic interests, although it was more conducive to the formation of a unified production and consumption market by linking the two Boer republics with the existing British colonies. This mode of thinking is not entirely out of self-deception, because after all, the Rhodes have already won the diamonds in the Kimberley area, and the Boers’ gold mining operation rights are mostly in the hands of British expatriates. It seems that there is no need for a little frivolity Xiaoli made a big fight.

　　The Rhodes convinced themselves that they could not stand British expatriates in the Transvaal Republic who were not granted full citizenship and were treated as second-class citizens. In the eyes of the Boers, citizenship of the Britons, who have grown in number and control the economic lifeline, is tantamount to opening the door to thieves. And this is indeed the dream of the Rhodes. After completing the economic revolution against the Boers, through the political revolution, they will hit the big fortunes and fly into the gold, but they are still rudimentary - addicted to the pre-modern farming and animal husbandry economy and personal cowboys Heroism, and with serious racism - the Boers were incorporated into the British Empire as a model of modern civilization. In the process, the interests of South Africa, the Boers, the British in the Boer Republic, and the British Empire were all won.

　　For the imperial bureaucrats in London, if the Boer turf could be brought under their command, it was a natural desire. The empire's sphere of influence and glory, as well as system and road confidence, have been further blessed, adding a large overseas market, which can more powerfully deter the fledgling Germans who are frequently active in Southwest and East Africa, and so on. Of course, for individual bureaucrats, there are also more opportunities to serve as officials of the frontier, which can add a rich and colorful stroke to their careers.

　　For the British public who have been immersed in the glory of the British Empire for many years and have begun to enjoy the return of the economic benefits of the colonies, taming the Boers not only means more employment opportunities and more dividends to be shared in the expansion of the empire, but also means the success of the British civilization paradigm. . As South Africa becomes more firmly a part of the British Empire, more and more Africans from Cape Town to Cairo will enjoy the fruits of modernization and shine in the light of civilization.

　　In this way, the three parties seem to have inadvertently reached a conspiracy that everyone is happy with. Each party has a high-sounding reason, and each party also has a small Jiujiu that does not need to be declared. What is absent here is the object of conspiracy, the opinions of the Boers seem to be of little importance, and what the local black aborigines think and think is even less of a concern.

　　This is also the standard of all wishful thinking about imperial dreams or imperial diseases: what is good for the empire must be good for the world. The expansion of the boundaries of imperial interests must mean the expansion of civilized order. And because the borders of the empire's continued expansion need to be defended and preserved, the flag of the empire will surely travel all the way to the ends of the earth, until it fills the world. Once a modern national empire enters this state, it will basically usher in a watershed from prosperity to decline, and it will soon encounter the boundaries of its own capabilities: more and more interests need to be defended, but more and more benefits from expansion. few. This is also the underlying reason why the former established empires do not believe in the peaceful rise of emerging powers and draw a clear boundary for expansion. It is not that they are too sophisticated, but that they are too familiar with the charm of this unstoppable self-driven expansion.

　　For the first time in the Boer War, the British Empire, which had previously been largely smooth sailing, felt its old age and its inadequacy for the first time. Once the opponent changes from the aborigines and pre-modern ethnic groups who know nothing about modern warfare to the white Boers who are also familiar with modern weapons and firepower organization and configuration, and deeply understand the essence of guerrilla warfare, the overwhelming advantage is instantly overwhelming. turned into nothing. The British Empire was like a waning giant, played around by Boers as nimble and fearless as little David.

　　For a modern national empire that has been infected with the disease of wealth and wealth, in an initiatively provoked war, the most fundamental premise is that the war will be smooth and swift. If not, public opinion is like the ebb tide, and yesterday's support quickly turned into accusations and criticisms. People feel that they have been deceived, fooled, and become cannon fodder. Conspiracy theories are rampant, and fear and refusal to fight will also become the norm. At this time, it has become a new consensus to end as soon as possible, although in reality, the so-called decent and rapid ending has always been transformed into twists and turns. An exhausting and painful farce.

　　The Boer War was undoubtedly a lose-lose situation. The Boer life was ruined, and their homeland became a piece of scorched earth. After paying an unexpected heavy price, the British Empire gained an unwilling new South African Federation, and inadvertently strengthened the South African community consciousness with Boer culture as the main body. Foreshadowing the separation of each other in the future.

　　The strength of the British Empire, of course, was that its mature constitutional framework could accommodate disputes and compromises, giving newcomers a grudgingly desirable position, and allowing South Africa to enjoy ample room for self-government despite apparent compliance. In return, South Africa greatly aided the British Empire during World War I and World War II, and Smuts, who was a major headache for the British during the Boer War, also became a key role in the Imperial Military Council during World War I.

　　If the end of the British Empire was a long repertoire, the Boer War was certainly a starting point, although not many people recognized it at the time. From the beginning to the end to the long aftermath, the Boer War shows the logical curve of the rise and fall of the British Empire.

 　　The technology of transmitting images to distant places is not commonly thought of as a postwar invention. The beginnings of television can be traced back to the late 19th century. At that time, many countries, including Russia, conducted experiments. For example, as early as 1880, a student at the University of Zurich, Russian Profilie Bakhmediev (1860-1913, Russian physicist and biologist) had envisaged that still images could be sent through television. In the last 20 years of the 19th century, there were 25 registered patents for the design of the prototype of modern television, of which Russia accounted for 5.

　　The idea of ​​​​creating inventions is often far ahead of the technological power of the time. For example, a postal officer named Alexander Polumodvinov used the concept of "primary colors" in his life. In essence, he already had some ideas of color television. The term "television" first appeared in a Russian scientific report at the Paris International Conference in 1900.

　　In August 1907, the Russian physicist Boris Roeriger (1869-1933) obtained a patent for the invention of the television system. This system was the first to use a device similar to a modern picture tube to receive images. Roeriger's scientific activities are closely related to the Petersburg Institute of Technology. The highly respected professor had the future inventor Vladimir Zvolygin (1889-1982) under his tutelage, and his students were far better than teachers in the development of television.

　　V. Zvorykin was born in 1889 in the ancient city of Murom on the banks of the Oka River in Russia. The father of the future TV engineer, Kuzma Zvorykin, was a local first-class businessman (the old Russian rank according to the size of capital). ), has a straightforward personality, manages grain, owns many ships, and served as the chairman of the local bank in the early 20th century.

　　The old Zvorygin had two brothers, both of whom were extraordinary scientific talents. Nikolai Zvorykin, who died young, was a master of mathematics, and Konstantin Zvorykin (1861-1928) was a professor at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Before the revolution, he was a famous metal in Russia. Processing specialist, also highly respected under the Soviet regime. It is worth pointing out that the Stalin-era encyclopedias included this Zvorykin, while his nephew, Vladimir Zvorykin, who was far more famous in the West than his uncle, was not considered in the encyclopedia. Obviously, this is because there are "stains" of expatriates in Zvorygin's resume. It was not until the 1980s that the "stains" became clear. Now some reference books can find two Zvorykins. .

　　Vladimir Zvorykin was on his father's boat, helping the pilots repair electrical appliances while still a student at the Murom Physic School (founded in 1862, a secondary school focusing on the natural sciences and mathematics). equipment, while still learning business basics in my father's office. In 1906, the 17-year-old boy was admitted to Petersburg University, but due to his father's insistence, he soon transferred to the Polytechnic. During his time at the academy, he met Professor Boris Roerger.

　　In 1910, under the guidance of his teacher, the college student began to independently experiment with the technology of transmitting images over long distances.

　　In 1912, Zworegin graduated with honors. After two years of internship, he went to study in France in order to further improve. He entered the "College de France" in Paris, where he studied under the famous physicist Paul Langevin. (1872-1948). Everything went smoothly at the academy, and the apprenticeship grades were excellent, but things didn't last long, and the First World War broke out in July 1914. Vladimir Zwolykin returned to his country to be drafted into the army and served in a communications unit in the city of Grodno, near the Polish border. After a year and a half, he was transferred to teach at a radio officer school in Petrograd.

　　On February 23, 1917 in the Russian calendar (March 8 in the Gregorian calendar), the February Revolution that overthrew the tsarist system occurred. A large number of soldiers from the old army turned to the revolution and turned their guns on the tsarist government. On March 15 in the Gregorian calendar, Tsar Nicholas II World abdicate. In the political atmosphere at the time, soldiers sometimes acted aggressively, and Zvorykin, an old officer, was inevitably implicated. A soldier once accused him of "insulting". It is said that the communications officer ordered the poor soldier to read some inexplicable numbers into a small hole (actually a microphone) for a long time, while he was fiddling with food in the next room. Zvorekin was acquitted of the ridiculous charges, but he had to leave school and return to the barracks.

　　Soon, Zvorykin was transferred to the troops stationed near Kyiv. There was also a wave of persecution of officers there. It became fashionable for soldiers to gather to discuss the "current situation", and sometimes private courts were set up according to the needs of the "current situation". Once, on his way back from a front-line meeting, Zvorygin witnessed the soldiers disarming the officers in the carriage. Seeing that the situation was not good, he immediately jumped out of the car and ran away, and then several gunshots rang out behind him.

　　The officer's uniform could no longer be worn. Zvorygin changed into civilian clothes and went to Moscow, ready to join the civil service, but his future was bleak. What made Zvorykin even more embarrassed was that according to the regulations at the time, all old officers had to report to the committee to apply for recruitment. The Red Army means participating in the civil war. But Zvorygin did not have this consciousness, and he did not report. It was soon discovered by chance that the authorities had issued an arrest warrant for him for failing to register with the committee. Zvorygin immediately diverted to Nizhny Novgorod. At this time, he has clearly realized that the motherland has no place for him.

　　Just as Zvorykin was in a dilemma and hesitating about the journey of life, he remembered that not long ago, someone in the city of Omsk in Siberia had invited him to participate in the renovation project of the local radio station. The task was to ask him to go to the United States to purchase the needed goods. equipment. Zvorykin determined the shortest route from Omsk to the United States and set off for Omsk. However, when he arrived in Yekaterinburg in the Urals, the Red Army arrested him and put him in jail "until his identity is identified." It seems doomed. Unexpectedly, the local Czechoslovak Legion launched a rebellion and occupied Yekaterinburg. The Czechoslovaks who stood on the side of the White Army were naturally indifferent to the prisoners of the Red Army, and he was a Russian engineer who never sinned, of course. Will not cause the "allergies" of the Czechoslovaks, so he was acquitted.

　　After being released, he finally came to Omsk, the then independent capital of Siberia. The young radio expert was treated with courtesy and issued the formalities to go to the United States, but he faced a problem: the only way to go to the United States was to take the most difficult northern route, because other routes—— East, West and South have been blocked. The difficulties and dangers of the northern route are like myths: sailing to the Arctic Ocean by boat through the Irtysh River and the Ob River, and then you can only resign yourself to fate.

　　Zvorygin's voyage was through the Irtysh River into the Ob River and out to the sea, crossing the Kara Sea westward to reach the island of Vaigach between the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea. This journey took over a month. Arriving at this deserted island covered with moss and freezing cold is no different than falling into a trap. I did not expect a miracle to happen: the icebreaker, which usually opens the channel from east to west, has moored beside the island. On the way to Arkhangelsk (a port city on the southeastern coast of the White Sea) occupied by the Allied forces, Zvolykin was fortunate to be on this ship, and it took several weeks to reach Arkhangelsk, and via there to Norway. The next route was across the Atlantic via Norway, reaching the United States in late 1918.

　　It stands to reason that if you change someone else, you will definitely be like a bird out of the cage in the United States, and it is time to settle down there. But the Russian officer had his own way of doing things and felt compelled to keep his promise to the Siberian government. In 1919, he resolutely crossed the Pacific Ocean and returned to Omsk via Japan. After reporting the completion of the mission to the authorities, he accepted a new mission and returned to the United States.

　　Zvorykin settled in New York when he first arrived in the United States, thanks to the help of the Russian ambassador to the United States Boris Bakhmediev, a learned fluid dynamicist, Graduated from the Petersburg Institute of Transportation Engineering and the University of Zurich, after the October Revolution, the Bolshevik government did not have time to replace his appointment by the provisional government, and he volunteered to perform the duties of ambassador for five years.

　　By the end of 1919, Zvorygin's situation began to improve, and he was offered a job with the "Westinghouse Electric" Company (also known as "Westinghouse Electric") in Pittsburgh, where he could work on his beloved work in the company's laboratory. "The Thing" - a study of television. Three years later, he designed the prototype of a TV launch tube and proudly demonstrated his device to his boss. Unexpectedly, his creation was not praised but polite advice: do something more useful!

　　The inventor had to take advice and work on the design of more "practical" electronic devices, but he never gave up on television. In 1926 Zvorygin received a Doctor of Philosophy from a local university and a Doctor of Science from the Brooklyn Institute of Technology 12 years later. Thus firmly established their prestige in the field of science. It was around this time that he successfully patented the earliest invention of television, while many others were in his "briefcase" at the time.

　　Radio Corporation of America also played a major role in Zvorygin's success. In 1929, he was transferred from the "Westinghouse Company" to the American Radio Company, and served as the director of the electronic laboratory. He was granted the power of freedom of action and successfully carried out the mass production of picture tubes. The next key problem to be solved was to improve the performance of TV transmitters. Quality, 1931 finally succeeded. Zvorygin raised the quality of the photocell to the required level. At the Congress of the American Society of Radio Engineers held in the summer of 1933, Zvorygin was the first to report on the integrated electronic circuit with these two types of tubes, that is, the overall system of television. That same year, an experimental setup in his lab that could scan 240 lines was effectively operating. A year later, the sharpness of the image improved to 343 lines. In 1936, the United States began to use the system for television transmission, which was a great achievement.

　　Before that, Russian electronics experts came to the United States at the invitation of Zvorykin to inspect their equipment and then invited Zvorykin to visit the Soviet Union. He was invited to visit Moscow and Leningrad, reported his work and learned about the Soviet Union. The achievements have seen their Russian counterparts keep pace with themselves completely on their own. Shortly after Zvorykin's visit to the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union established a design laboratory for receiver and launch tubes. Another year later, when Zvorykin visited the Soviet Union again, he was shocked when he saw a complete set of TV installations equipped with domestic kinescopes and photoelectric cameras.

　　Soon, the Research Institute of Remote Control Technology was reorganized into the All-Soviet Academy of Television Science. In 1935, under the coordination of Zvorygin, the Soviet Ministry of Radio Industry signed a five-year technical cooperation contract with the American Radio Corporation. The Americans supplied broadcasting equipment for the Moscow TV Center, and also accepted 60 Soviet experts to study in the United States.

　　In the 1940s and 1950s, Zvorygin studied electron microscopes and designed a device for blind people to read television. He presided over the Center for Medical Electronics from 1954 to 1962, and he holds more than 120 patents and more than 80 scientific works. He died in 1982 at the age of 93.

　　Russia has not forgotten this famous compatriot, and in 1989 held the 100th anniversary of the inventor's birth. Memorial plaques are mounted on the walls of the house in Murom, his hometown where he was born and spent his childhood. American newspapers once called Zvorygin "Russia's gift to the American continent", but it should be said that it is a gift to the world.